Source code for py21cmfast.wrapper.inputs

"""
Input parameter classes.

There are four input parameter/option classes, not all of which are required for any
given function. They are :class:`SimulationOptions`, :class:`CosmoParams`, :class:`AstroParams`
and :class:`AstroOptions`. Each of them defines a number of variables, and all of these
have default values, to minimize the burden on the user. These defaults are accessed via
the ``_defaults_`` class attribute of each class. The available parameters for each are
listed in the documentation for each class below.
"""

# we use a few nested if statments in the validators here

import logging
import warnings
from collections.abc import Sequence
from functools import cached_property
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Annotated, Any, ClassVar, Literal, Self, get_args

import attrs
import numpy as np
from astropy import constants
from astropy import units as un
from astropy.cosmology import FLRW, Planck15
from attrs import asdict, evolve, validators
from attrs import field as _field
from cyclopts import Parameter

from .._cfg import config
from ..c_21cmfast import ffi
from ._utils import snake_to_camel
from .classy_interface import (
    find_redshift_kinematic_decoupling,
    get_transfer_function,
    k_transfer,
    run_classy,
)
from .structs import StructWrapper

[docs] logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
[docs] def field(*, transformer=None, **kw): """Define an attrs field with a 'transformer' property. The transformer, if given, should be a function of a single variable, which will be the attribute's value. It will be used to transform the value before usage in C-code (e.g. by transformin from log to linear space). """ return _field(metadata={"transformer": transformer}, **kw)
[docs] def choice_field(*, validator=None, **kwargs): """Create an attrs.field that is a choice.""" vld = (choice_validator,) if validator is not None: vld = (choice_validator, validator) return field(validator=vld, transformer=choice_transformer, converter=str, **kwargs)
[docs] def logtransformer(x, att: attrs.Attribute): """Convert from log to linear space.""" return 10**x
[docs] def dex2exp_transformer(x, att: attrs.Attribute): """Convert from dex to exponential space.""" return 2.3025851 * x
[docs] def choice_transformer(choice: str, att: attrs.Attribute) -> int: """Produce a transformer that converts a string to int. The function must be passed a list of string choices. The resulting int is the index of the choice made. """ choices = get_args(att.type) return choices.index(choice)
[docs] def choice_validator(inst, att: attrs.Attribute, val): """Validate that a value is one of the choices.""" choices = get_args(att.type) if val not in choices: raise ValueError(f"{att.name} must be one of {choices}, got {val} instead.")
[docs] def between(mn, mx): """Validate that a value is between two values.""" def vld(inst, att, val): if val < mn or val > mx: raise ValueError(f"{att.name} must be between {mn} and {mx}") return vld
[docs] FilterOptions = Literal["spherical-tophat", "sharp-k", "gaussian"]
[docs] IntegralMethods = Literal["GSL-QAG", "GAUSS-LEGENDRE", "GAMMA-APPROX"]
# Cosmology is from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.06209.pdf # Table 2, last column. [TT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing+BAO]
[docs] Planck18 = Planck15.clone( Om0=(0.02242 + 0.11933) / 0.6766**2, Ob0=0.02242 / 0.6766**2, H0=67.66, Neff=3.044, name="Planck18", )
@attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class InputStruct: """ A convenient interface to create a C structure with defaults specified. It is provided for the purpose of *creating* C structures in Python to be passed to C functions, where sensible defaults are available. Structures which are created within C and passed back do not need to be wrapped. This provides a *fully initialised* structure, and will fail if not all fields are specified with defaults. .. note:: The actual C structure is gotten by calling an instance. This is auto-generated when called, based on the parameters in the class. .. warning:: This class will *not* deal well with parameters of the struct which are pointers. All parameters should be primitive types, except for strings, which are dealt with specially. Parameters ---------- ffi : cffi object The ffi object from any cffi-wrapped library. """ _subclasses: ClassVar = {} _write_exclude_fields = () @classmethod def new(cls, x: dict | Self | None = None, **kwargs): """ Create a new instance of the struct. Parameters ---------- x : dict | InputStruct | None Initial values for the struct. If `x` is a dictionary, it should map field names to their corresponding values. If `x` is an instance of this class, its attributes will be used as initial values. If `x` is None, the struct will be initialised with default values. Other Parameters ---------------- All other parameters should be passed as if directly to the class constructor (i.e. as parameter names). Examples -------- >>> up = SimulationOptions({'HII_DIM': 250}) >>> up.HII_DIM 250 >>> up = SimulationOptions(up) >>> up.HII_DIM 250 >>> up = SimulationOptions() >>> up.HII_DIM 200 >>> up = SimulationOptions(HII_DIM=256) >>> up.HII_DIM 256 """ if isinstance(x, dict): return cls(**x, **kwargs) elif isinstance(x, InputStruct): return x.clone(**kwargs) elif x is None: return cls(**kwargs) else: raise ValueError( f"Cannot instantiate {cls.__name__} with type {x.__class__}" ) def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None: """Store each subclass for easy access.""" InputStruct._subclasses[cls.__name__] = cls @cached_property def struct(self) -> StructWrapper: """The python-wrapped struct associated with this input object.""" return StructWrapper(self.__class__.__name__) @cached_property def cstruct(self) -> StructWrapper: """The object pointing to the memory accessed by C-code for this struct.""" cdict = self.cdict for k in self.struct.fieldnames: val = cdict[k] # TODO: is this really required here? (I don't think the wrapper can satisfy this condition) if isinstance(val, str): # If it is a string, need to convert it to C string ourselves. val = self.ffi.new("char[]", val.encode()) setattr(self.struct.cstruct, k, val) return self.struct.cstruct def clone(self, **kwargs): """Make a fresh copy of the instance with arbitrary parameters updated.""" return evolve(self, **kwargs) def asdict(self) -> dict: """Return a dict representation of the instance. Examples -------- This dict should be such that doing the following should work, i.e. it can be used exactly to construct a new instance of the same object:: >>> inp = InputStruct(**params) >>> newinp =InputStruct(**inp.asdict()) >>> inp == newinp """ return asdict(self) @cached_property def cdict(self) -> dict: """A python dictionary containing the properties of the wrapped C-struct. The memory pointed to by this dictionary is *not* owned by the wrapped C-struct, but is rather just a python dict. However, in contrast to :meth:`asdict`, this method transforms the properties to what they should be in C (e.g. linear space vs. log-space) before putting them into the dict. This dict also contains *only* the properties of the wrapped C-struct, rather than all properties of the :class:`InputStruct` instance (some attributes of the python instance are there only to guide setting of defaults, and don't appear in the C-struct at all). """ fields = attrs.fields(self.__class__) transformers = { field.name: field.metadata.get("transformer", None) for field in fields } out = {} for k in self.struct.fieldnames: val = getattr(self, k) att = attrs.fields_dict(self.__class__).get(k, None) # we assume properties (as opposed to attributes) are already converted trns = transformers.get(k) out[k] = val if trns is None else trns(val, att) return out def __str__(self) -> str: """Human-readable string representation of the object.""" d = self.asdict() biggest_k = max(len(k) for k in d) params = "\n ".join(sorted(f"{k:<{biggest_k}}: {v}" for k, v in d.items())) return f"""{self.__class__.__name__}:{params} """ @classmethod def from_subdict(cls, dct, safe=True): """Construct an instance of a parameter structure from a dictionary.""" fieldnames = [ field.name for field in attrs.fields(cls) if field.eq # and field.default is not None ] if set(fieldnames) != set(dct.keys()): missing_items = [ (field.name, field.default) for field in attrs.fields(cls) if field.name not in dct and field.name in fieldnames ] extra_items = [(k, v) for k, v in dct.items() if k not in fieldnames] message = ( f"There are extra or missing {cls.__name__} in the file to be read.\n" f"EXTRAS: {extra_items}\n" f"MISSING: {missing_items}\n" ) if safe: raise ValueError( message + "set `safe=False` to load structures from previous versions" ) else: warnings.warn( message + "\nExtras are ignored and missing are set to default (shown) values." + "\nUsing these parameter structures in further computation will give inconsistent results.", stacklevel=2, ) dct = {k: v for k, v in dct.items() if k in fieldnames} # Strip leading underscores from items, because attrs accepts non-underscore # versions of attributes. dct = {k.strip("_"): v for k, v in dct.items()} return cls.new(dct) @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class Table1D: """Class for setting 1D interpolation table.""" size: int = field(converter=int, validator=validators.gt(0)) x_values: np.ndarray = field( converter=lambda v: np.asarray(v, dtype=np.float64), validator=validators.instance_of(np.ndarray), eq=attrs.cmp_using(eq=np.array_equal), ) y_values: np.ndarray = field( converter=lambda v: np.asarray(v, dtype=np.float64), validator=validators.instance_of(np.ndarray), eq=attrs.cmp_using(eq=np.array_equal), ) @cached_property def cstruct(self): """Cached pointer to the memory of the object in C.""" ctab = ffi.new("Table1D *") ctab.size = self.size ctab.x_values = ffi.cast("double *", ffi.from_buffer(self.x_values)) ctab.y_values = ffi.cast("double *", ffi.from_buffer(self.y_values)) return ctab @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class CosmoTables: """Class for storing interpolation tables of cosmological functions (e.g. transfer functions, growth factor).""" transfer_density: Table1D = field(default=None) transfer_vcb: Table1D = field(default=None) @classmethod def new(cls, x: dict | Self | None = None, **kwargs): """ Create a new instance of the struct. Parameters ---------- x : dict | CosmoTables | None Initial values for the struct. If `x` is a dictionary, it should map field names to their corresponding values. If `x` is an instance of this class, its attributes will be used as initial values. If `x` is None, the struct will be initialised with default values. Other Parameters ---------------- All other parameters should be passed as if directly to the class constructor (i.e. as parameter names). """ if isinstance(x, dict): return cls(**x, **kwargs) elif isinstance(x, CosmoTables): return x.clone(**kwargs) elif x is None: return cls(**kwargs) else: raise ValueError( f"Cannot instantiate {cls.__name__} with type {x.__class__}" ) @cached_property def struct(self): """The python-wrapped struct associated with this input object.""" return StructWrapper("CosmoTables") @cached_property def cstruct(self) -> StructWrapper: """The object pointing to the memory accessed by C-code for this struct.""" for k in self.struct.fieldnames: val = getattr(self, k) if isinstance(val, Table1D): setattr(self.struct.cstruct, k, val.cstruct) return self.struct.cstruct def clone(self, **kwargs): """Make a fresh copy of the instance with arbitrary parameters updated.""" return evolve(self, **kwargs) @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class CosmoParams(InputStruct): """ Cosmological parameters (with defaults) which translates to a C struct. To see default values for each parameter, use ``CosmoParams._defaults_``. All parameters passed in the constructor are also saved as instance attributes which should be considered read-only. This is true of all input-parameter classes. Default parameters are based on Plank18, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.06209.pdf, Table 2, last column. [TT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing+BAO] Parameters ---------- SIGMA_8 : float, optional RMS mass variance (power spectrum normalisation). hlittle : float, optional The hubble parameter, H_0/100. OMm : float, optional Omega matter. OMb : float, optional Omega baryon, the baryon component. POWER_INDEX : float, optional Spectral index of the power spectrum. A_s: float, optional Amplitude of primordial curvature power spectrum, at k_pivot = 0.05 Mpc^-1. """ _DEFAULT_SIGMA_8: ClassVar[float] = 0.8102 _DEFAULT_A_s: ClassVar[float] = 2.105e-9 _base_cosmo: Annotated[FLRW, Parameter(show=False, parse=False)] = field( default=Planck18, validator=validators.instance_of(FLRW), eq=False, repr=False ) _SIGMA_8: float = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=validators.optional(validators.gt(0)), ) hlittle: float = field( default=Planck18.h, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) OMm: float = field( default=Planck18.Om0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) OMb: float = field( default=Planck18.Ob0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) POWER_INDEX: float = field( default=0.9665, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) _A_s: float = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=validators.optional(validators.gt(0)), ) OMn: float = field(default=0.0, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0)) OMk: float = field(default=0.0, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0)) OMr: float = field(default=8.6e-5, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0)) OMtot: float = field( default=1.0, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0) ) # TODO: force this to be the sum of the others Y_He: float = field(default=0.24, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0)) wl: float = field(default=-1.0, converter=float) # TODO: Combined validation via Astropy? @_SIGMA_8.validator def _sigma_8_vld(self, att, val): if self._A_s is not None and val is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot set both SIGMA_8 and A_s! " "If this error arose when lading from template/file or evolving an " "existing object, then explicitly set either SIGMA_8 or A_s " "to None while setting the other to the desired value." ) @cached_property def SIGMA_8(self) -> float: """RMS mass variance (power spectrum normalisation). If not given explicitly, it is auto-calculated via A_s and the other cosmological parameters. """ if self._SIGMA_8 is not None: return self._SIGMA_8 elif self._A_s is not None: classy_output = run_classy( h=self.hlittle, Omega_cdm=self.OMm - self.OMb, Omega_b=self.OMb, A_s=self._A_s, n_s=self.POWER_INDEX, ) return classy_output.sigma8() else: return self._DEFAULT_SIGMA_8 @cached_property def A_s(self) -> float: """Amplitude of primordial curvature power spectrum, at k_pivot = 0.05 Mpc^-1. If not given explicitly, it is auto-calculated via sigma_8 and the other cosmological parameters. """ if self._A_s is not None: return self._A_s elif self._SIGMA_8 is not None: classy_output = run_classy( h=self.hlittle, Omega_cdm=self.OMm - self.OMb, Omega_b=self.OMb, sigma8=self.SIGMA_8, n_s=self.POWER_INDEX, ) return classy_output.get_current_derived_parameters(["A_s"])["A_s"] else: return self._DEFAULT_A_s @property def OMl(self): """Omega lambda, dark energy density.""" return 1 - self.OMm @cached_property def cosmo(self): """An astropy cosmology object for this cosmology.""" return self._base_cosmo.clone( name=self._base_cosmo.name, H0=self.hlittle * 100, Om0=self.OMm, Ob0=self.OMb, ) @classmethod def from_astropy(cls, cosmo: FLRW, **kwargs): """Create a CosmoParams object from an astropy cosmology object. Pass SIGMA_8 and POWER_INDEX as kwargs if you want to override the default values. """ return cls( hlittle=cosmo.h, OMm=cosmo.Om0, OMb=cosmo.Ob0, base_cosmo=cosmo, **kwargs ) def asdict(self) -> dict: """Return a dict representation of the instance. Examples -------- This dict is such that doing the following should work, i.e. it can be used exactly to construct a new instance of the same object:: >>> inp = InputStruct(**params) >>> newinp =InputStruct(**inp.asdict()) >>> inp == newinp """ d = super().asdict() del d["_base_cosmo"] return d @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class MatterOptions(InputStruct): """ Structure containing options which affect the matter field (ICs, perturbedfield, halos). Parameters ---------- HMF: str, optional Determines which halo mass function to be used for the normalisation of the collapsed fraction (default Sheth-Tormen). Should be one of the following codes: PS (Press-Schechter) ST (Sheth-Tormen) Watson (Watson FOF) Watson-z (Watson FOF-z) Delos (Delos+23) USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES: int, optional Flag to decide whether to use relative velocities. If True, POWER_SPECTRUM is automatically set to 5. Default False. POWER_SPECTRUM: str, optional Determines which power spectrum to use, default EH (unless `USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES` is True). Use the following codes: EH : Eisenstein & Hu 1999 BBKS: Bardeen et al. 1986 EFSTATHIOU: Efstathiou et al. 1992 PEEBLES: Peebles 1980 WHITE: White 1985 CLASS: Uses fits from the CLASS code PERTURB_ON_HIGH_RES : bool, optional Whether to perform the Zel'Dovich or 2LPT perturbation on the low or high resolution grid. USE_FFTW_WISDOM : bool, optional Whether or not to use stored FFTW_WISDOMs for improving performance of FFTs USE_INTERPOLATION_TABLES: str, optional Defines the interpolation tables used in the code. Default is 'hmf-interpolation'. There are three levels available: 'no-interpolation': No interpolation tables are used. 'sigma-interpolation': Interpolation tables are used for sigma(M) only. 'hmf-interpolation': Interpolation tables are used for sigma(M) the halo mass function. PERTURB_ALGORITHM: str, optional Whether to use second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory (2LPT), Zel'dovich (ZELDOVICH), or linear evolution (LINEAR). Set this to 2LPT if the density field or the halo positions are extrapolated to low redshifts. The current implementation is very naive and adds a factor ~6 to the memory requirements. Reference: Scoccimarro R., 1998, MNRAS, 299, 1097-1118 Appendix D. MINIMIZE_MEMORY: bool, optional If set, the code will run in a mode that minimizes memory usage, at the expense of some CPU/disk-IO. Good for large boxes / small computers. SAMPLE_METHOD: str, optional The sampling method to use in the halo sampler when calculating progenitor populations: MASS-LIMITED : Mass-limited CMF sampling, where samples are drawn until the expected mass is reached NUMBER-LIMITED : Number-limited CMF sampling, where we select a number of halos from the Poisson distribution and then sample the CMF that many times PARTITION : Sheth et al 1999 Partition sampling, where the EPS collapsed fraction is sampled (gaussian tail) and then the condition is updated using the conservation of mass. BINARY-SPLIT : Parkinsson et al 2008 Binary split model as in DarkForest (Qiu et al 2021) where the EPS merger rate is sampled on small internal timesteps such that only binary splits can occur. NOTE: The initial sampling from the density grid will ALWAYS use number-limited sampling (method 1) FILTER : string, optional Filter to use for sigma (matter field variance) and radius to mass conversions. available options are: `spherical-tophat` and `gaussian` HALO_FILTER : string, optional Filter to use for the DexM halo finder. available options are: `spherical-tophat`, `sharp-k` and `gaussian` SMOOTH_EVOLVED_DENSITY_FIELD: bool, optional Smooth the evolved density field after perturbation. DEXM_OPTMIZE: bool, optional Use a faster version of the DexM halo finder which excludes halos from forming within a certain distance of larger halos. KEEP_3D_VELOCITIES: bool, optional Whether to keep the 3D velocities in the ICs. If False, only the z velocity is kept. SOURCE_MODEL: str, optional The source model to use in the simulation. Options are: * E-INTEGRAL : The traditional excursion-set formalism, where source properties are defined on the Eulerian grid after 2LPT in regions of filter scale R (see the X_FILTER options for filter shapes). This integrates over the CHMF using the smoothed density grids, then multiplies the result. by (1 + delta) to get the source properties in each cell. * L-INTEGRAL : Analagous to the 'ESF-L' model described in Trac+22, where source properties are defined on the Lagrangian (IC) grid by integrating the CHMF prior to the IGM physics and then mapping properties to the Eulerian grid using 2LPT. * DEXM-ESF : The DexM excursion-set formalism, where discrete halo catalogues are generated on the Lagrangian (IC) grid using an excursion-set halo finder. Source properties are defined on the Lagrangian grid and then mapped to the Eulerian grid using 2LPT. This model utilised the 'L-INTEGRAL' method for halos below the DexM mass resolution, which is the mass of the high-resolution (DIM^3) cells. * CHMF-SAMPLER : The CHMF sampler, where discrete halo catalogues are generated by sampling the CHMF on the IC grid, between the low-resolution (HII_DIM^3) cell mass and a minimum mass defined by the user (SAMPLER_MIN_MASS). This model uses the 'L-INTEGRAL' method for halos below the SAMPLER_MIN_MASS, and the 'DEXM-ESF' method for halos above the HII_DIM cell mass. """ HMF: Literal["PS", "ST", "WATSON", "WATSON-Z", "DELOS"] = choice_field(default="ST") USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) POWER_SPECTRUM: Literal["EH", "BBKS", "EFSTATHIOU", "PEEBLES", "WHITE", "CLASS"] = ( choice_field() ) PERTURB_ON_HIGH_RES: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) USE_INTERPOLATION_TABLES: Literal[ "no-interpolation", "sigma-interpolation", "hmf-interpolation" ] = choice_field(default="hmf-interpolation") MINIMIZE_MEMORY: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) KEEP_3D_VELOCITIES: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) SAMPLE_METHOD: Literal[ "MASS-LIMITED", "NUMBER-LIMITED", "PARTITION", "BINARY-SPLIT" ] = choice_field( default="MASS-LIMITED", ) FILTER: FilterOptions = choice_field( default="spherical-tophat", validator=validators.not_(validators.in_(["sharp-k"])), ) HALO_FILTER: FilterOptions = choice_field(default="spherical-tophat") SMOOTH_EVOLVED_DENSITY_FIELD: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) DEXM_OPTIMIZE: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) PERTURB_ALGORITHM: Literal["LINEAR", "ZELDOVICH", "2LPT"] = choice_field( default="2LPT", ) USE_FFTW_WISDOM: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) SOURCE_MODEL: Literal[ "CONST-ION-EFF", "E-INTEGRAL", "L-INTEGRAL", "DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER" ] = choice_field(default="CHMF-SAMPLER") @POWER_SPECTRUM.default def _ps_default(self): return "CLASS" if self.USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES else "EH" @POWER_SPECTRUM.validator def _POWER_SPECTRUM_vld(self, att, val): if self.USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES and val != "CLASS": raise ValueError( "Can only use 'CLASS' power spectrum with relative velocities" ) @SOURCE_MODEL.validator def _SOURCE_MODEL_vld(self, att, val): """Validate SOURCE_MODEL dependencies.""" if val in ["DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER"] and self.HMF not in ["ST", "PS"]: msg = ( "The conditional mass functions requied for the discrete halo field are only currently" "available for the Sheth-Tormen and Press-Schechter mass functions., use HMF='ST' or 'PS'" ) raise NotImplementedError(msg) if ( val in ["DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER"] and self.USE_INTERPOLATION_TABLES != "hmf-interpolation" ): msg = ( "SOURCE_MODEL settings using the halo sampler require the use of HMF interpolation tables." "Switch USE_INTERPOLATION_TABLES to 'hmf-interpolation'" ) raise ValueError(msg) @property def has_discrete_halos(self) -> bool: """Whether the current options will produce discrete halo catalogues.""" return self.SOURCE_MODEL in ["DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER"] @property def lagrangian_source_grid(self) -> bool: """Whether the current source model is Lagrangian.""" return self.SOURCE_MODEL in ["L-INTEGRAL", "DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER"] @property def mass_dependent_zeta(self) -> bool: """Whether the current source model uses mass-dependent zeta.""" return self.SOURCE_MODEL in [ "E-INTEGRAL", "L-INTEGRAL", "DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER", ] @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class SimulationOptions(InputStruct): """ Structure containing broad simulation options. Parameters ---------- HII_DIM : int, optional Number of cells for the low-res box (after smoothing the high-resolution matter field). Default 256. HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR : float, optional The ratio of the high-resolution box dimensionality to the low-resolution box dimensionality (i.e. DIM/HII_DIM). Use this parameter to define the size as a fixed ratio, instead of specifying DIM explicitly. This is useful if the parameters will be later evolved, so that specifying a new HII_DIM keeps the fixed resolution. By default, this is None, and a default of DIM=3*HII_DIM is used. This should be at least 3, and generally an integer (though this is not enforced). DIM : int, optional Number of cells for the high-res box (sampling ICs) along a principal axis. In general, prefer setting HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR instead of DIM directly. Setting both will raise an error. LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC : float, optional The cell size of the low-resolution boxes (i.e. after smoothing the high-resolution matter field). Use either this parameter or BOX_LEN, setting both will raise an error. This parameter is generally preferrable, as it allows you to evolve the HII_DIM later, and keep the same resolution (automatically scaling up BOX_LEN). Default is None, falling back on a cell size of 1.5 Mpc. BOX_LEN : float, optional Length of the box, in Mpc. Prefer setting LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC, which automatically defines this setting. Specifying both will result in an error. By default, the BOX_LEN will be calculated as 1.5 * HII_DIM. NON_CUBIC_FACTOR : float, optional Factor which allows the creation of non-cubic boxes. It will shorten/lengthen the line of sight dimension of all boxes. NON_CUBIC_FACTOR * DIM/HII_DIM must result in an integer. N_THREADS : int, optional Sets the number of processors (threads) to be used for performing 21cmFAST. Default 1. SAMPLER_MIN_MASS: float, optional The minimum mass to sample in the halo sampler when SOURCE_MODEL is "CHMF-SAMPLER", decreasing this can drastically increase both compute time and memory usage. SAMPLER_BUFFER_FACTOR: float, optional The arrays for the halo sampler will have size of SAMPLER_BUFFER_FACTOR multiplied by the expected number of halos in the box. Ideally this should be close to unity but one may wish to increase it to test alternative scenarios N_COND_INTERP: int, optional The number of condition bins in the inverse CMF tables. N_PROB_INTERP: int, optional The number of probability bins in the inverse CMF tables. MIN_LOGPROB: float, optional The minimum log-probability of the inverse CMF tables. HALOMASS_CORRECTION: float, optional This provides a corrective factor to the mass-limited (SAMPLE_METHOD==0) sampling, which multiplies the expected mass from a condition by this number. The default value of 0.9 is calibrated to the mass-limited sampling on a timestep of ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR=1.02. If ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR is increased, this value should be set closer to 1. This factor is also used in the partition (SAMPLE_METHOD==2) sampler, dividing nu(M) of each sample drawn. PARKINSON_G0: float, optional Only used when SAMPLE_METHOD==3, sets the normalisation of the correction to the extended press-schecter used in Parkinson et al. 2008. PARKINSON_y1: float, optional Only used when SAMPLE_METHOD==3, sets the index of the sigma power-law term of the correction to the extended Press-Schechter mass function used in Parkinson et al. 2008. PARKINSON_y2: float, optional Only used when SAMPLE_METHOD==3, sets the index of the delta power-law term of the correction to the extended Press-Schechter mass function used in Parkinson et al. 2008. Z_HEAT_MAX : float, optional Maximum redshift used in the Tk and x_e evolution equations. Temperature and x_e are assumed to be homogeneous at higher redshifts. Lower values will increase performance. ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR : float, optional Logarithmic redshift step-size used in the z' integral. Logarithmic dz. Decreasing (closer to unity) increases total simulation time for lightcones, and for Ts calculations. INITIAL_REDSHIFT : float, optional Initial redshift used to perturb field from DELTA_R_FACTOR: float, optional The factor by which to decrease the size of the filter in DexM when creating halo catalogues. DENSITY_SMOOTH_RADIUS: float, optional The radius of the smoothing kernel in Mpc. DEXM_OPTIMIZE_MINMASS: float, optional The minimum mass of a halo for which to use the DexM optimization if DEXM_OPTIMIZE is True. DEXM_R_OVERLAP: float, optional The factor by which to multiply the halo radius to determine the distance within which smaller halos are excluded. CORR_STAR : float, optional Self-correlation length used for updating halo properties. To model the correlation in the SHMR between timesteps, we sample from a conditional bivariate gaussian with correlation factor given by exp(-dz/CORR_STAR). This value is placed in SimulationOptions since it is used in the halo sampler, and not in the ionization routines. CORR_SFR : float, optional Self-correlation length used for updating star formation rate, see "CORR_STAR" for details. CORR_LX : float, optional Self-correlation length used for updating xray luminosity, see "CORR_STAR" for details. K_MAX_FOR_CLASS: float, optional Maximum wavenumber to run CLASS, in 1/Mpc. Becomes relevant only if matter_options.POWER_SPECTRUM = "CLASS". """ _DEFAULT_HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR: ClassVar[float] = 3 _DEFAULT_LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC: ClassVar[float] = 1.5 HII_DIM: int = field(default=256, converter=int, validator=validators.gt(0)) _BOX_LEN: float = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=validators.optional(validators.gt(0)), ) _DIM: int | None = field(default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(int)) _HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR: float = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=attrs.validators.optional(validators.gt(1)), ) _LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC: float = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=attrs.validators.optional(validators.gt(0)), ) NON_CUBIC_FACTOR: float = field( default=1.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) N_THREADS: int = field(default=1, converter=int, validator=validators.gt(0)) SAMPLER_MIN_MASS: float = field( default=1e8, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) SAMPLER_BUFFER_FACTOR: float = field(default=2.0, converter=float) N_COND_INTERP: int = field(default=200, converter=int) N_PROB_INTERP: int = field(default=400, converter=int) MIN_LOGPROB: float = field(default=-12, converter=float) HALOMASS_CORRECTION: float = field( default=0.89, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) PARKINSON_G0: float = field( default=1.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) PARKINSON_y1: float = field(default=0.0, converter=float) PARKINSON_y2: float = field(default=0.0, converter=float) Z_HEAT_MAX: float = field(default=35.0, converter=float) ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR: float = field(default=1.02, converter=float) INITIAL_REDSHIFT: float = field(default=300.0, converter=float) DELTA_R_FACTOR: float = field( default=1.1, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(1.0) ) DENSITY_SMOOTH_RADIUS: float = field( default=0.2, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) DEXM_OPTIMIZE_MINMASS: float = field( default=1e11, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) DEXM_R_OVERLAP: float = field( default=2, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) # NOTE: Thematically these should be in AstroParams, However they affect the HaloCatalog # Objects and so need to be in the matter_cosmo hash, they seem a little strange here # but will remain until someone comes up with a better organisation down the line CORR_STAR: float = field(default=0.5, converter=float) CORR_SFR: float = field(default=0.2, converter=float) # NOTE (Jdavies): I do not currently have great priors for this value CORR_LX: float = field(default=0.2, converter=float) K_MAX_FOR_CLASS: float | None = field( default=None, converter=attrs.converters.optional(float), validator=attrs.validators.optional(validators.gt(0)), ) @property def DIM(self) -> int: """The number of cells on a side of the hi-res box used for ICs. If not given explicitly, it is auto-calculated via ``HII_DIM * HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR``. """ if self._DIM is not None: return self._DIM else: return int(self.HII_DIM * self.HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR) @property def BOX_LEN(self) -> float: """The size of the box along a side, in Mpc. If not given explicitly, it is auto-calculated via ``HII_DIM * LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC``. """ if self._BOX_LEN is not None: return self._BOX_LEN else: return int(self.HII_DIM * self.LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC) @_HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR.validator def _hires_to_lowres_vld(self, att, val): if self._DIM is not None and val is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot set both DIM and HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR! " "If this error arose when lading from template/file or evolving an " "existing object, then explicitly set either DIM or HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR " "to None while setting the other to the desired value." ) @_LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC.validator def _lowres_cellsize_vld(self, att, val): if self._BOX_LEN is not None and val is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot set both BOX_LEN and LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC! " "If this error arose when lading from template/file or evolving an " "existing object, then explicitly set either BOX_LEN or " "LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC to None while setting the other to the desired " "value." ) @property def HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR(self) -> float: """The downsampling factor from high to low-res.""" if self._DIM is not None: return self._DIM / self.HII_DIM elif self._HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR is not None: return self._HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR else: return self._DEFAULT_HIRES_TO_LOWRES_FACTOR @property def LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC(self) -> float: """The cell size (in Mpc) of the low-res grids.""" if self._BOX_LEN is not None: return self._BOX_LEN / self.HII_DIM elif self._LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC is not None: return self._LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC else: return self._DEFAULT_LOWRES_CELL_SIZE_MPC @NON_CUBIC_FACTOR.validator def _NON_CUBIC_FACTOR_validator(self, att, val): dcf = self.DIM * val hdcf = self.HII_DIM * val if dcf % int(dcf) or hdcf % int(hdcf): raise ValueError( "NON_CUBIC_FACTOR * DIM and NON_CUBIC_FACTOR * HII_DIM must be integers" ) @property def tot_fft_num_pixels(self): """Total number of pixels in the high-res box.""" return int(self.NON_CUBIC_FACTOR * self.DIM**3) @property def HII_tot_num_pixels(self): """Total number of pixels in the low-res box.""" return int(self.NON_CUBIC_FACTOR * self.HII_DIM**3) @property def cell_size(self) -> un.Quantity[un.Mpc]: """The resolution of a low-res cell.""" return (self.BOX_LEN / self.HII_DIM) * un.Mpc @property def cell_size_hires(self) -> un.Quantity[un.Mpc]: """The resolution of a hi-res cell.""" return (self.BOX_LEN / self.DIM) * un.Mpc @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class AstroOptions(InputStruct): """ Options for the ionization routines which enable/disable certain modules. Parameters ---------- USE_MINI_HALOS : bool, optional Set to True if using mini-halos parameterization. If True, USE_TS_FLUCT and INHOMO_RECO must be True. USE_X_RAY_HEATING : bool, optional Whether to include X-ray heating (useful for debugging). USE_CMB_HEATING : bool, optional Whether to include CMB heating. (cf Eq.4 of Meiksin 2021, arxiv.org/abs/2105.14516) USE_LYA_HEATING : bool, optional Whether to use Lyman-alpha heating. (cf Sec. 3 of Reis+2021, doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2089) INHOMO_RECO : bool, optional Whether to perform inhomogeneous recombinations. Increases the computation time. USE_TS_FLUCT : bool, optional Whether to perform IGM spin temperature fluctuations (i.e. X-ray heating). Dramatically increases the computation time. M_MIN_in_Mass : bool, optional Whether the minimum halo mass (for ionization) is defined by mass or virial temperature. Only has an effect when SOURCE_MODEL == 'CONST-ION-EFF' PHOTON_CONS_TYPE : str, optional Whether to perform a small correction to account for the inherent photon non-conservation. This can be one of three types of correction: no-photoncons: No photon cosnervation correction, z-photoncons: Photon conservation correction by adjusting the redshift of the N_ion source field (Park+22) alpha-photoncons: Adjustment to the escape fraction power-law slope, based on fiducial results in Park+22, This runs a series of global xH evolutions and one calibration simulation to find the adjustment as a function of xH f-photoncons: Adjustment to the escape fraction normalisation, runs one calibration simulation to find the adjustment as a function of xH where f'/f = xH_global/xH_calibration FIX_VCB_AVG: bool, optional Determines whether to use a fixed vcb=VAVG (*regardless* of USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES). It includes the average effect of velocities but not its fluctuations. See Muñoz+21 (2110.13919). USE_EXP_FILTER: bool, optional Use the exponential filter (MFP-epsilon(r) from Davies & Furlanetto 2021) when calculating ionising emissivity fields NOTE: this does not affect other field filters, and should probably be used with HII_FILTER==0 (real-space top-hat) CELL_RECOMB: bool, optional An alternate way of counting recombinations based on the local cell rather than the filter region. This is part of the perspective shift (see Davies & Furlanetto 2021) from counting photons/atoms in a sphere and flagging a central pixel to counting photons which we expect to reach the central pixel, and taking the ratio of atoms in the pixel. This flag simply turns off the filtering of N_rec grids, and takes the recombinations in the central cell. USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER: bool, optional Whether to use an additional powerlaw in stellar mass fraction at high halo mass. The pivot mass scale and power-law index are controlled by two parameters, UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_MASS and UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_INDEX respectively. This is currently only implemented using the discrete halo model, and has no effect otherwise. HALO_SCALING_RELATIONS_MEDIAN: bool, optional If True, halo scaling relation parameters (F_STAR10,t_STAR etc...) define the median of their conditional distributions If False, they describe the mean. This becomes important when using non-symmetric dristributions such as the log-normal HII_FILTER : string Filter for the halo or density field used to generate ionization field Available options are: 'spherical-tophat', 'sharp-k', and 'gaussian' HEAT_FILTER : int Filter for the halo or density field used to generate the spin-temperature field Available options are: 'spherical-tophat', 'sharp-k', and 'gaussian' IONISE_ENTIRE_SPHERE: bool, optional If True, ionises the entire sphere on the filter scale when an ionised region is found in the excursion set. INTEGRATION_METHOD_ATOMIC: str, optional The integration method to use for conditional MF integrals of atomic halos in the grids: NOTE: global integrals will use GSL QAG adaptive integration 'GSL-QAG': GSL QAG adaptive integration, 'GAUSS-LEGENDRE': Gauss-Legendre integration, previously forced in the interpolation tables, 'GAMMA-APPROX': Approximate integration, assuming sharp cutoffs and a triple power-law for sigma(M) based on EPS INTEGRATION_METHOD_MINI: str, optional The integration method to use for conditional MF integrals of minihalos in the grids: 'GSL-QAG': GSL QAG adaptive integration, 'GAUSS-LEGENDRE': Gauss-Legendre integration, previously forced in the interpolation tables, 'GAMMA-APPROX': Approximate integration, assuming sharp cutoffs and a triple power-law for sigma(M) based on EPS """ USE_MINI_HALOS: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) USE_X_RAY_HEATING: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) USE_CMB_HEATING: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) USE_LYA_HEATING: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) INHOMO_RECO: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) USE_TS_FLUCT: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) FIX_VCB_AVG: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) USE_EXP_FILTER: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) CELL_RECOMB: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) PHOTON_CONS_TYPE: Literal[ "no-photoncons", "z-photoncons", "alpha-photoncons", "f-photoncons" ] = choice_field( default="no-photoncons", ) USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) M_MIN_in_Mass: bool = field(default=True, converter=bool) HALO_SCALING_RELATIONS_MEDIAN: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) HII_FILTER: FilterOptions = choice_field(default="spherical-tophat") HEAT_FILTER: FilterOptions = choice_field(default="spherical-tophat") IONISE_ENTIRE_SPHERE: bool = field(default=False, converter=bool) INTEGRATION_METHOD_ATOMIC: IntegralMethods = choice_field(default="GAUSS-LEGENDRE") INTEGRATION_METHOD_MINI: IntegralMethods = choice_field(default="GAUSS-LEGENDRE") @USE_MINI_HALOS.validator def _USE_MINI_HALOS_vald(self, att, val): """ Raise an error USE_MINI_HALOS is True with incompatible flags. This happens when INHOMO_RECO or USE_TS_FLUCT is False. """ if val and not self.INHOMO_RECO: raise ValueError( "You have set USE_MINI_HALOS to True but INHOMO_RECO is False! " ) if val and not self.USE_TS_FLUCT: raise ValueError( "You have set USE_MINI_HALOS to True but USE_TS_FLUCT is False! " ) @PHOTON_CONS_TYPE.validator def _PHOTON_CONS_TYPE_vld(self, att, val): """Raise an error if using PHOTON_CONS_TYPE='z_photoncons' and USE_MINI_HALOS is True.""" if self.USE_MINI_HALOS and val == "z-photoncons": raise ValueError( "USE_MINI_HALOS is not compatible with the redshift-based" " photon conservation corrections (PHOTON_CONS_TYPE=='z_photoncons')! " ) @USE_EXP_FILTER.validator def _USE_EXP_FILTER_vld(self, att, val): """Raise an error if USE_EXP_FILTER is False and HII_FILTER!=0.""" if val and self.HII_FILTER != "spherical-tophat": raise ValueError( "USE_EXP_FILTER can only be used with a real-space tophat HII_FILTER==0" ) if val and not self.CELL_RECOMB: raise ValueError("USE_EXP_FILTER is True but CELL_RECOMB is False") @attrs.define(frozen=True, kw_only=True) class AstroParams(InputStruct): """ Astrophysical parameters. NB: All Mean scaling relations are defined in log-space, such that the lines they produce give exp(<log(property)>), this means that increasing the lognormal scatter in these relations will increase the <property> but not <log(property)> Parameters ---------- INHOMO_RECO : bool, optional Whether inhomogeneous recombinations are being calculated. This is not a part of the astro parameters structure, but is required by this class to set some default behaviour. HII_EFF_FACTOR : float, optional The ionizing efficiency of high-z galaxies (zeta, from Eq. 2 of Greig+2015). Higher values tend to speed up reionization. F_STAR10 : float, optional The fraction of galactic gas in stars for 10^10 solar mass haloes. Only used in the "new" parameterization, This is used along with `F_ESC10` to determine `HII_EFF_FACTOR` (which is then unused). See Eq. 11 of Greig+2018 and Sec 2.1 of Park+2018. Given in log10 units. F_STAR7_MINI : float, optional The fraction of galactic gas in stars for 10^7 solar mass minihaloes. Only used in the "minihalo" parameterization, i.e. when `USE_MINI_HALOS` is set to True (in :class:`AstroOptions`). If so, this is used along with `F_ESC7_MINI` to determine `HII_EFF_FACTOR_MINI` (which is then unused). See Eq. 8 of Qin+2020. If the MCG scaling relations are not provided explicitly, we extend the ACG ones by default. Given in log10 units. ALPHA_STAR : float, optional Power-law index of fraction of galactic gas in stars as a function of halo mass. See Sec 2.1 of Park+2018. ALPHA_STAR_MINI : float, optional Power-law index of fraction of galactic gas in stars as a function of halo mass, for MCGs. See Sec 2 of Muñoz+21 (2110.13919). If the MCG scaling relations are not provided explicitly, we extend the ACG ones by default. SIGMA_STAR : float, optional Lognormal scatter (dex) of the halo mass to stellar mass relation. Uniform across all masses and redshifts. SIGMA_SFR_LIM : float, optional Lognormal scatter (dex) of the stellar mass to SFR relation above a stellar mass of 1e10 solar. SIGMA_SFR_INDEX : float, optional index of the power-law between SFMS scatter and stellar mass below 1e10 solar. F_ESC10 : float, optional The "escape fraction", i.e. the fraction of ionizing photons escaping into the IGM, for 10^10 solar mass haloes. Only used in the "new" parameterization. This is used along with `F_STAR10` to determine `HII_EFF_FACTOR` (which is then unused). See Eq. 11 of Greig+2018 and Sec 2.1 of Park+2018. F_ESC7_MINI: float, optional The "escape fraction for minihalos", i.e. the fraction of ionizing photons escaping into the IGM, for 10^7 solar mass minihaloes. Only used in the "minihalo" parameterization, i.e. when `USE_MINI_HALOS` is set to True (in :class:`AstroOptions`). If so, this is used along with `F_ESC7_MINI` to determine `HII_EFF_FACTOR_MINI` (which is then unused). See Eq. 17 of Qin+2020. If the MCG scaling relations are not provided explicitly, we extend the ACG ones by default. Given in log10 units. ALPHA_ESC : float, optional Power-law index of escape fraction as a function of halo mass. See Sec 2.1 of Park+2018. M_TURN : float, optional Turnover mass (in log10 solar mass units) for quenching of star formation in halos, due to SNe or photo-heating feedback, or inefficient gas accretion. See Sec 2.1 of Park+2018. R_BUBBLE_MAX : float, optional Mean free path in Mpc of ionizing photons within ionizing regions (Sec. 2.1.2 of Greig+2015). Default is 50 if `INHOMO_RECO` is True, or 15.0 if not. ION_Tvir_MIN : float, optional Minimum virial temperature of star-forming haloes (Sec 2.1.3 of Greig+2015). Given in log10 units. L_X : float, optional The specific X-ray luminosity per unit star formation escaping host galaxies. Cf. Eq. 6 of Greig+2018. Given in log10 units. For the double power-law used in the Halo Model This gives the low-z limite. L_X_MINI: float, optional The specific X-ray luminosity per unit star formation escaping host galaxies for minihalos. Cf. Eq. 23 of Qin+2020. Given in log10 units. For the double power-law used in the Halo Model. This gives the low-z limite. If the MCG scaling relations are not provided explicitly, we extend the ACG ones by default. NU_X_THRESH : float, optional X-ray energy threshold for self-absorption by host galaxies (in eV). Also called E_0 (cf. Sec 4.1 of Greig+2018). Typical range is (100, 1500). X_RAY_SPEC_INDEX : float, optional X-ray spectral energy index (cf. Sec 4.1 of Greig+2018). Typical range is (-1, 3). X_RAY_Tvir_MIN : float, optional Minimum halo virial temperature in which X-rays are produced. Given in log10 units. Default is `ION_Tvir_MIN`. F_H2_SHIELD: float, optional Self-shielding factor of molecular hydrogen when experiencing LW suppression. Cf. Eq. 12 of Qin+2020. Consistently included in A_LW fit from sims. If used we recommend going back to Macachek+01 A_LW=22.86. t_STAR : float, optional Fractional characteristic time-scale (fraction of hubble time) defining the star-formation rate of galaxies. See Sec 2.1, Eq. 3 of Park+2018. A_LW, BETA_LW: float, optional Impact of the LW feedback on Mturn for minihaloes. Default is 22.8685 and 0.47 following Machacek+01, respectively. Latest simulations suggest 2.0 and 0.6. See Sec 2 of Muñoz+21 (2110.13919). A_VCB, BETA_VCB: float, optional Impact of the DM-baryon relative velocities on Mturn for minihaloes. Default is 1.0 and 1.8, and agrees between different sims. See Sec 2 of Muñoz+21 (2110.13919). UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_MASS: The pivot mass associated with the optional upper mass power-law of the stellar-halo mass relation (see AstroOptions.USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER) UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_INDEX: The power-law index associated with the optional upper mass power-law of the stellar-halo mass relation (see AstroOptions.USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER) SIGMA_LX: float, optional Lognormal scatter (dex) of the Xray luminosity relation (a function of stellar mass, star formation rate and redshift). This scatter is uniform across all halo properties and redshifts. FIXED_VAVG : float, optional The fixed value of the average velocity used when AstroOptions.FIX_VCB_AVG is set to True. POP2_ION: float, optional Number of ionizing photons per baryon produced by Pop II stars. POP3_ION: float, optional Number of ionizing photons per baryon produced by Pop III stars. CLUMPING_FACTOR: float, optional Clumping factor of the IGM used ONLY in the x-ray partial ionisations (not the reionsiation model). Default is 2.0. ALPHA_UVB: float, optional The power-law index of the UVB spectrum. Used for Gamma12 in the recombination model DELTA_R_HII_FACTOR: float, optional The factor by which to decrease the size of the HII filter when calculating the HII regions. R_BUBBLE_MIN: float, optional Minimum size of ionized regions in Mpc. Default is 0.620350491. MAX_DVDR: float, optional Maximum value of the gradient of the velocity field used in the RSD algorithm. NU_X_BAND_MAX: float, optional The maximum frequency of the X-ray band used to calculate the X-ray Luminosity. NU_X_MAX: float, optional The maximum frequency of the integrals over nu for the x-ray heating/ionisation rates. """ HII_EFF_FACTOR: float = field( default=30.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) F_STAR10: float = field( default=-1.3, converter=float, validator=between(-3.0, 0.0), transformer=logtransformer, ) ALPHA_STAR: float = field( default=0.5, converter=float, ) F_STAR7_MINI: float = field(converter=float, transformer=logtransformer) ALPHA_STAR_MINI: float = field(converter=float) F_ESC10: float = field( default=-1.0, converter=float, transformer=logtransformer, ) ALPHA_ESC: float = field( default=-0.5, converter=float, ) F_ESC7_MINI: float = field( default=-2.0, converter=float, transformer=logtransformer, ) M_TURN: float = field( default=8.7, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0), transformer=logtransformer, ) R_BUBBLE_MAX: float = field( default=15.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) R_BUBBLE_MIN: float = field( default=0.620350491, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) ION_Tvir_MIN: float = field( default=4.69897, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0), transformer=logtransformer, ) L_X: float = field( default=40.5, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0), transformer=logtransformer, ) L_X_MINI: float = field( converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0), transformer=logtransformer ) NU_X_THRESH: float = field( default=500.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) X_RAY_SPEC_INDEX: float = field(default=1.0, converter=float) X_RAY_Tvir_MIN: float = field( converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0), transformer=logtransformer ) F_H2_SHIELD: float = field(default=0.0, converter=float) t_STAR: float = field(default=0.5, converter=float, validator=between(0, 1)) A_LW: float = field(default=2.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0)) BETA_LW: float = field(default=0.6, converter=float) A_VCB: float = field(default=1.0, converter=float) BETA_VCB: float = field(default=1.8, converter=float) UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_MASS: float = field( default=11.447, converter=float, transformer=logtransformer ) UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER_INDEX: float = field(default=-0.6, converter=float) SIGMA_STAR: float = field( default=0.25, converter=float, transformer=dex2exp_transformer ) SIGMA_LX: float = field( default=0.5, converter=float, transformer=dex2exp_transformer ) SIGMA_SFR_LIM: float = field( default=0.19, converter=float, transformer=dex2exp_transformer ) SIGMA_SFR_INDEX: float = field(default=-0.12, converter=float) T_RE: float = field(default=2e4, converter=float) FIXED_VAVG: float = field( default=25.86, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) POP2_ION: float = field(default=5000.0, converter=float) POP3_ION: float = field(default=44021.0, converter=float) PHOTONCONS_CALIBRATION_END: float = field(default=3.5, converter=float) CLUMPING_FACTOR: float = field( default=2.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) ALPHA_UVB: float = field(default=5.0, converter=float) R_MAX_TS: float = field(default=500.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0)) N_STEP_TS: float = field(default=40, converter=int, validator=validators.gt(0)) MAX_DVDR: float = field(default=0.2, converter=float, validator=validators.ge(0)) DELTA_R_HII_FACTOR: float = field( default=1.1, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(1.0) ) NU_X_BAND_MAX: float = field( default=2000.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) NU_X_MAX: float = field( default=10000.0, converter=float, validator=validators.gt(0) ) # set the default of the minihalo scalings to continue the same PL @F_STAR7_MINI.default def _F_STAR7_MINI_default(self): return self.F_STAR10 - 3 * self.ALPHA_STAR # -3*alpha since 1e7/1e10 = 1e-3 @ALPHA_STAR_MINI.default def _ALPHA_STAR_MINI_default(self): return self.ALPHA_STAR @L_X_MINI.default def _L_X_MINI_default(self): return self.L_X @X_RAY_Tvir_MIN.default def _X_RAY_Tvir_MIN_default(self): return self.ION_Tvir_MIN @NU_X_THRESH.validator def _NU_X_THRESH_vld(self, att, val): """Check if the choice of NU_X_THRESH is sensible.""" if val < 100.0: raise ValueError( "Chosen NU_X_THRESH is < 100 eV. NU_X_THRESH must be above 100 eV as it describes X-ray photons" ) elif val >= self.NU_X_BAND_MAX: raise ValueError( f""" Chosen NU_X_THRESH > {self.NU_X_BAND_MAX}, which is the upper limit of the adopted X-ray band (fiducially the soft band 0.5 - 2.0 keV). If you know what you are doing with this choice, please modify the parameter: NU_X_BAND_MAX""" ) elif self.NU_X_BAND_MAX > self.NU_X_MAX: raise ValueError( f""" Chosen NU_X_BAND_MAX > {self.NU_X_MAX}, which is the upper limit of X-ray integrals (fiducially 10 keV) If you know what you are doing, please modify the parameter: NU_X_MAX """ ) class InputCrossValidationError(ValueError): """Error when two parameters from different structs aren't consistent."""
[docs] def input_param_field(kls: InputStruct): """Create an attrs field that must be an InputStruct. Parameters ---------- kls : InputStruct subclass The parameter structure which should be returned as an attrs field """ return _field( default=kls.new(), converter=kls.new, validator=validators.instance_of(kls), )
[docs] def get_logspaced_redshifts( min_redshift: float, z_step_factor: float, max_redshift: float, ) -> tuple[float]: """Compute a sequence of redshifts to evolve over that are log-spaced.""" redshifts = [min_redshift] while redshifts[-1] < max_redshift: redshifts.append((redshifts[-1] + 1.0) * z_step_factor - 1.0) return tuple(redshifts[::-1])
def _node_redshifts_converter(value) -> tuple[float] | None: if value is None or len(value) == 0: return () if hasattr(value, "__len__"): return tuple(sorted([float(v) for v in value], reverse=True)) return (float(value),) @attrs.define(kw_only=True, frozen=True) class InputParameters: """A class defining a collection of InputStruct instances. This class simplifies combining different InputStruct instances together, performing validation checks between them, and being able to cross-check compatibility between different sets of instances. Parameters ---------- random_seed The seed that determines the realization produced by a 21cmFAST run. node_redshifts The redshifts at which coeval boxes will be computed. By default, empty if no evolution is required, and logarithmically spaced in (1+z) between z=5.5 and SimulationOptions.Z_HEAT_MAX if evolution is required. cosmo_params Cosmological parameters of a 21cmFAST run. simulation_options Parameters controlling the simulation as a whole, e.g. the box size and dimensionality. matter_options Parameters controlling the matter field generated by 21cmFAST. astro_options Options for which physical processes to include in the simulation. astro_params Astrophysical parameter values. """ random_seed = _field(converter=int) cosmo_params: CosmoParams = input_param_field(CosmoParams) matter_options: MatterOptions = input_param_field(MatterOptions) simulation_options: SimulationOptions = input_param_field(SimulationOptions) astro_options: AstroOptions = input_param_field(AstroOptions) astro_params: AstroParams = input_param_field(AstroParams) node_redshifts = _field(converter=_node_redshifts_converter) cosmo_tables: CosmoTables = field() @node_redshifts.default def _node_redshifts_default(self): return ( get_logspaced_redshifts( min_redshift=5.5, max_redshift=self.simulation_options.Z_HEAT_MAX, z_step_factor=self.simulation_options.ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR, ) if self.evolution_required else None ) @node_redshifts.validator def _node_redshifts_validator(self, att, val): if (self.astro_options.INHOMO_RECO or self.astro_options.USE_TS_FLUCT) and ( (max(val) if val else 0.0) < self.simulation_options.Z_HEAT_MAX ): raise ValueError( "For runs with inhomogeneous recombinations or spin temperature fluctuations,\n" + f"your maximum passed node_redshifts {max(val) if hasattr(val, '__len__') else val} must be above Z_HEAT_MAX {self.simulation_options.Z_HEAT_MAX}" ) @cosmo_tables.default def _cosmo_tables_default(self): if self.matter_options.POWER_SPECTRUM == "CLASS": if self.simulation_options.K_MAX_FOR_CLASS is not None: k_max = self.simulation_options.K_MAX_FOR_CLASS / un.Mpc else: if self.astro_options.USE_MINI_HALOS: M_min = 1e5 * un.M_sun else: M_min = 1e9 * un.M_sun R_min = pow( M_min / ( 4 * np.pi / 3.0 * self.cosmo_params.cosmo.critical_density0 * self.cosmo_params.OMm ), 1 / 3, ) k_max = (2 * np.pi / R_min).to( "1/Mpc" ) * 1.5 # Multiply by 1.5 for better precision classy_output = run_classy( h=self.cosmo_params.hlittle, Omega_cdm=self.cosmo_params.OMm - self.cosmo_params.OMb, Omega_b=self.cosmo_params.OMb, n_s=self.cosmo_params.POWER_INDEX, sigma8=self.cosmo_params.SIGMA_8, output="mTk,vTk", P_k_max=k_max, ) # Linear matter density transfer function at z=0 transfer_density = get_transfer_function( classy_output=classy_output, kind="d_m", z=0.0 ) # Linear vcb transfer function at kinematic decoupling z_dec = find_redshift_kinematic_decoupling(classy_output) transfer_vcb = ( ( get_transfer_function( classy_output=classy_output, kind="v_cb", z=z_dec ) / constants.c # Need to normalize by c, because ComputeInitialConditions() accepts to receive a dimensionless transfer function ).to(un.dimensionless_unscaled) ) # Include a sample at k=0 k_transfer_with_0 = np.concatenate(([0.0], k_transfer)) transfer_density = np.concatenate(([0.0], transfer_density)) transfer_vcb = np.concatenate(([0.0], transfer_vcb)) cosmo_tables = CosmoTables( transfer_density=Table1D( size=k_transfer_with_0.size, x_values=k_transfer_with_0, y_values=transfer_density, ), transfer_vcb=Table1D( size=k_transfer_with_0.size, x_values=k_transfer_with_0, y_values=transfer_vcb, ), ) else: cosmo_tables = CosmoTables() return cosmo_tables @astro_options.validator def _astro_options_validator(self, att, val): if self.matter_options is None: return if val.USE_MINI_HALOS: if not self.matter_options.USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES and not val.FIX_VCB_AVG: warnings.warn( "USE_MINI_HALOS needs USE_RELATIVE_VELOCITIES to get the right evolution!", stacklevel=2, ) if self.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL == "CONST-ION-EFF": raise ValueError( "SOURCE_MODEL == 'CONST-ION-EFF' is not compatible with USE_MINI_HALOS=True" ) if self.matter_options.lagrangian_source_grid: if val.PHOTON_CONS_TYPE == "z-photoncons": raise ValueError( f"SOURCE_MODEL={self.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL} is not compatible with the redshift-based" " photon conservation corrections (PHOTON_CONS_TYPE=='z_photoncons')! Use a " " different PHOTON_CONS_TYPE or set SOURCE_MODEL='E-INTEGRAL' to use the old" " source model" ) else: if val.USE_EXP_FILTER: raise ValueError( f"USE_EXP_FILTER is not compatible with SOURCE_MODEL == {self.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL}" ) if ( not self.matter_options.has_discrete_halos and val.USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER ): raise NotImplementedError( f"USE_UPPER_STELLAR_TURNOVER is not yet implemented for SOURCE_MODEL = {self.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL}" ) if self.matter_options.HMF not in ["PS", "ST", "DELOS"]: warnings.warn( "A selection of a mass function other than Press-Schechter, Sheth-Tormen or Delos will" "Result in the use of the EPS conditional mass function, normalised the unconditional" "mass function provided by the user as matter_options.HMF", stacklevel=2, ) elif ( val.INTEGRATION_METHOD_ATOMIC == "GAMMA-APPROX" or val.INTEGRATION_METHOD_MINI == "GAMMA-APPROX" or self.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL == "CONST-ION-EFF" ) and self.matter_options.HMF != "PS": warnings.warn( "Your model (either SOURCE_MODEL=='CONST-ION-EFF' or INTEGRATION_METHOD_X=='GAMMA-APPROX')" "uses the EPS conditional mass function normalised to the unconditional mass" "function provided by the user as matter_options.HMF", stacklevel=2, ) @astro_params.validator def _astro_params_validator(self, att, val): if val.R_BUBBLE_MAX > self.simulation_options.BOX_LEN: raise InputCrossValidationError( f"R_BUBBLE_MAX is larger than BOX_LEN ({val.R_BUBBLE_MAX} > {self.simulation_options.BOX_LEN}). This is not allowed." ) if val.R_BUBBLE_MAX != 50 and self.astro_options.INHOMO_RECO: warnings.warn( "You are setting R_BUBBLE_MAX != 50 when INHOMO_RECO=True. " "This is non-standard (but allowed), and usually occurs upon manual " "update of INHOMO_RECO", stacklevel=2, ) if val.M_TURN > 8 and self.astro_options.USE_MINI_HALOS: warnings.warn( "You are setting M_TURN > 8 when USE_MINI_HALOS=True. " "This is non-standard (but allowed), and usually occurs upon manual " "update of M_TURN", stacklevel=2, ) if ( self.astro_options.HII_FILTER == "sharp-k" and val.R_BUBBLE_MAX > self.simulation_options.BOX_LEN / 3 ): msg = ( "Your R_BUBBLE_MAX is > BOX_LEN/3 " f"({val.R_BUBBLE_MAX} > {self.simulation_options.BOX_LEN / 3})." f" This can produce strange reionisation topologies" ) if config["ignore_R_BUBBLE_MAX_error"]: warnings.warn(msg, stacklevel=2) else: raise ValueError( msg + " To ignore this error, set `py21cmfast.config['ignore_R_BUBBLE_MAX_error'] = True`" ) @simulation_options.validator def _simulation_options_validator(self, att, val): # perform a very rudimentary check to see if we are underresolved and not using the linear approx if self.matter_options is not None and ( val.cell_size_hires > 1 * un.Mpc and self.matter_options.PERTURB_ALGORITHM != "LINEAR" ): warnings.warn( "Resolution is likely too low for accurate evolved density fields. " "It is recommended that you either increase the resolution " "(DIM/BOX_LEN) or set the EVOLVE_DENSITY_LINEARLY flag to True. " f"Got DIM={val.DIM}, BOX_LEN={val.BOX_LEN}, resolution={val.cell_size_hires} Mpc.", stacklevel=2, ) def __getitem__(self, key): """Get an item from the instance in a dict-like manner.""" # Also allow using **input_parameters return getattr(self, key) def is_compatible_with(self, other: Self) -> bool: """Check if this object is compatible with another parameter struct. Compatibility is slightly different from strict equality. Compatibility requires that if a parameter struct *exists* on the other object, then it must be equal to this one. That is, if astro_params is None on the other InputParameter object, then this one can have astro_params as NOT None, and it will still be compatible. However the inverse is not true -- if this one has astro_params as None, then all others must have it as None as well. """ if not isinstance(other, InputParameters): return False return not any( other[key] is not None and self[key] is not None and self[key] != other[key] for key in self.merge_keys() ) def evolve_input_structs(self, **kwargs): """Return an altered clone of the `InputParameters` structs. Unlike clone(), this function takes fields from the constituent `InputStruct` classes and only overwrites those sub-fields instead of the entire field """ struct_args = {} kwargs_copy = kwargs.copy() for inp_type in ( "cosmo_params", "simulation_options", "matter_options", "astro_params", "astro_options", "cosmo_tables", ): obj = getattr(self, inp_type) struct_args[inp_type] = obj.clone( **{k: kwargs_copy.pop(k) for k in kwargs if hasattr(obj, k)} ) if len(kwargs_copy): wrong_key = next(iter(kwargs_copy.keys())) raise TypeError(f"{wrong_key} is not a valid keyword input.") inputs_clone = self.clone(**struct_args) if inputs_clone.matter_options.POWER_SPECTRUM == "CLASS": if ( self.matter_options.POWER_SPECTRUM != "CLASS" or np.any([hasattr(self.cosmo_params, k) for k in kwargs]) or ( self.simulation_options.K_MAX_FOR_CLASS != inputs_clone.simulation_options.K_MAX_FOR_CLASS ) ): struct_args["cosmo_tables"] = inputs_clone._cosmo_tables_default() inputs_clone = self.clone(**struct_args) elif self.matter_options.POWER_SPECTRUM == "CLASS": struct_args["cosmo_tables"] = ( CosmoTables() ) # No need to have the tables from the original inputs inputs_clone = self.clone(**struct_args) return inputs_clone @classmethod def from_template( cls, name: str | Path | Sequence[str | Path], random_seed: int, node_redshifts: tuple[float] | None = None, **kwargs, ): """Construct full InputParameters instance from native or TOML file template. Parameters ---------- name Either a name of a built-in template, or a path to a parameter TOML, or a list of such names/paths. If a list, the final parameters will be built from left-to-right so that the parameters at the end of the list will have precedence. random_seed A random seed to use for the run. Must be specified manually. node_redshifts The redshifts at which to evolve the simulation (if applicable). Default detects whether evolution is required and sets the node redshifts according to the simulation parameters. Other Parameters ---------------- All other parameters are interpreted as elements of :class:`InputStruct` subclasses (e.g. :class:`SimulationOptions`) and will over-ride what is in the template. """ from .._templates import create_params_from_template cls_kw = {"random_seed": random_seed} if node_redshifts is not None: cls_kw["node_redshifts"] = node_redshifts dct = create_params_from_template(name, **kwargs) dct.pop("cosmo_tables") return cls(**dct, **cls_kw) def clone(self, **kwargs): """Generate a copy of the InputParameter structure with specified changes.""" return evolve(self, **kwargs) def __repr__(self): """ Return a string representation of the structure. Created by combining repr methods from the InputStructs which make up this object """ return ( f"cosmo_params: {self.cosmo_params!r}\n" + f"simulation_options: {self.simulation_options!r}\n" + f"matter_options: {self.matter_options!r}\n" + f"astro_params: {self.astro_params!r}\n" + f"astro_options: {self.astro_options!r}\n" ) # NOTE: These hashes are used to compare structs within a run, and so don't need to stay # constant between sessions @cached_property def _user_cosmo_hash(self): """A hash generated from the user and cosmo params as well random seed.""" return hash( ( self.random_seed, self.simulation_options, self.matter_options, self.cosmo_params, ) ) @cached_property def _zgrid_hash(self): return hash((self._user_cosmo_hash, self.node_redshifts)) @cached_property def _full_hash(self): return hash( ( self.random_seed, self.cosmo_params, self.matter_options, self.simulation_options, self.astro_options, self.astro_params, self.node_redshifts, ) ) @property def evolution_required(self) -> bool: """Whether evolution is required for these parameters.""" return ( self.astro_options.USE_TS_FLUCT or self.astro_options.INHOMO_RECO or self.astro_options.USE_MINI_HALOS ) def with_logspaced_redshifts( self, zmin: float = 5.5, zmax: float | None = None, zstep_factor: float | None = None, ) -> Self: """Create a new InputParameters instance with logspaced redshifts.""" if zmax is None: zmax = self.simulation_options.Z_HEAT_MAX if zstep_factor is None: zstep_factor = self.simulation_options.ZPRIME_STEP_FACTOR return self.clone( node_redshifts=get_logspaced_redshifts( min_redshift=zmin, z_step_factor=zstep_factor, max_redshift=zmax, ) ) def asdict( self, only_structs: bool = False, camel: bool = False, remove_base_cosmo: bool = True, only_cstruct_params: bool = True, use_aliases: bool = True, ) -> dict[str, dict[str, Any]]: """Convert the instance to a recursive dictionary.""" dct = attrs.asdict(self, recurse=True) if remove_base_cosmo: del dct["cosmo_params"]["_base_cosmo"] inpstructs = [ k for k in dct if isinstance(getattr(self, k), (InputStruct | CosmoTables)) ] if only_structs: dct = {k: v for k, v in dct.items() if k in inpstructs} if use_aliases: # Change keys to aliases instead of attribute names if desired. # i.e. change _DIM to DIM, which is actually what is needed to # instantiate a class. for k, v in dct.items(): attribute = getattr(self, k) if isinstance(attribute, InputStruct): fields = attrs.fields_dict(attribute.__class__) dct[k] = {fields[kk].alias: vv for kk, vv in v.items()} if only_cstruct_params: for k, v in dct.items(): attribute = getattr(self, k) if isinstance(attribute, InputStruct): dct[k] = { kk: vv for kk, vv in v.items() if kk in attribute.cdict } | { kk: getattr(attribute, kk) for kk in attribute.cdict if kk not in dct[k] } if camel: dct = { (snake_to_camel(k) if k in inpstructs else k): v for k, v in dct.items() } return dct def __attrs_post_init__(self) -> None: """Run a check after initialization. Currently just checks that the halo mass ranges are sensible. """ check_halomass_range(self)
[docs] def check_halomass_range(inputs: InputParameters) -> None: """Check that the halo mass range is sensible given the parameters. This function checks that the minimum halo mass set by the various resolutions and flags does not have any gaps. We raise an error if there is a gap, and a warning if it is above the turnover mass. """ # There are no problems if we are not using halos if not inputs.matter_options.lagrangian_source_grid: return # simplified behaviour of lib.minimum_source_mass() if inputs.astro_options.USE_MINI_HALOS: min_integral_mass = 1e5 * un.M_sun else: min_integral_mass = ( max(inputs.astro_params.cdict["M_TURN"] / 50, 1e5) * un.M_sun ) max_integral_mass = 1e16 * un.M_sun # define macro in hmf.h massdens = inputs.cosmo_params.cosmo.critical_density(0) * inputs.cosmo_params.OMm hires_cell_mass = (massdens * inputs.simulation_options.cell_size_hires**3).to( un.M_sun ) lores_cell_mass = (massdens * inputs.simulation_options.cell_size**3).to(un.M_sun) pt_cell_mass = ( hires_cell_mass if inputs.matter_options.PERTURB_ON_HIGH_RES else lores_cell_mass ) has_dexm_halos = inputs.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL in ["DEXM-ESF", "CHMF-SAMPLER"] has_sampled_halos = inputs.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL == "CHMF-SAMPLER" has_integrals = ( min_integral_mass / un.M_sun < inputs.simulation_options.SAMPLER_MIN_MASS ) min_cellint = min_integral_mass if inputs.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL == "CHMF-SAMPLER": max_cellint = inputs.simulation_options.SAMPLER_MIN_MASS * un.M_sun elif inputs.matter_options.SOURCE_MODEL == "DEXM-ESF": max_cellint = hires_cell_mass else: max_cellint = max_integral_mass max_cellint = min(max_cellint, pt_cell_mass) min_sampler = inputs.simulation_options.SAMPLER_MIN_MASS * un.M_sun # if the cell is smaller, the sampler won't draw any halos max_sampler = max(lores_cell_mass, min_sampler) min_dexm = lores_cell_mass if has_sampled_halos else hires_cell_mass # not the real maximum, (7 sigma), but sufficient for our checks here max_dexm = 1e16 * un.M_sun mass_limits = () names = () if has_integrals: mass_limits += ((min_cellint, max_cellint),) names += ("integrals",) if has_sampled_halos: mass_limits += ((min_sampler, max_sampler),) names += ("sampler",) if has_dexm_halos: mass_limits += ((min_dexm, max_dexm),) names += ("dexm",) for i in range(len(mass_limits) - 1): if mass_limits[i][1] != mass_limits[i + 1][0]: raise ValueError( f"There is a gap/overlap in the halo mass ranges of {dict(zip(names, mass_limits, strict=False))}. " "This will lead to unphysical results. Please adjust your parameters to remove this gap." ) if min(min(mass_limits)) > min_integral_mass: warnings.warn( f"The minimum halo mass {min(min(mass_limits)):.2e} is high compared to the turnover {inputs.astro_params.cdict['M_TURN']:.2e}. " f"Halos below {min(min(mass_limits)):.2e} will not be accounted for in the simulation.", stacklevel=2, ) if max(max(mass_limits)) < max_integral_mass: warnings.warn( f"The maximum halo mass {max(max(mass_limits)):.2e} is below the integral mass {max_integral_mass:.2e}. " f"Halos above {max(max(mass_limits)):.2e} will not be accounted for in the simulation.", stacklevel=2, )